Audiovisual media includes PowerPoint slides or lecture notes, films, sound- and TV casts, podcasts, and static objects such as maps, artwork and photographs.
Presentation slides, or lecture slides, are in this context presentations produced with software programs such as PowerPoint, Keynote, Prezi, Google Slides and similar.
Presentation slides are usually one of three types in a reference context:
A reference can be made according to the following basic format:
Author, A. (year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Platform. https://xxxx
If no year can be identified, use n.d. (= no date) instead.
Bifet, A. (2015). Introduction to big data [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/abifet/introduction-to-big-data-56258037
A reference can be made according to the following basic format:
Author, A. (year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Name of the intranet. https://xxxx
Enter the URL of the log-in page.
If no year can be identified, use n.d. (= no date) instead.
This type is usually treated as "Personal communication" and is only cited in the text. No reference is created. Fictitious examples:
Author, A. (year). Title of lecture [Recorded lecture]. Name of the intranet. https://xxxx
Enter the URL of the log-in page.
If no year can be identified, use n.d. (= no date) instead.
This type is usually treated as "Personal communication" and is only cited in the text. No reference is created. Fictitious examples:
Name, A. A. [User name]. (year, month and day). Title of YouTube Clip [Video]. YouTube. https://xxxx
User name. (year). Re: Title of YouTube Clip [Video]. YouTube https://xxxx
As commentaries do not have any day and month stated, only the year is used.
Big Think. (2013, February 12). Are you dating a psychopath? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5HIjA9hh4&lc
49metal. (2016). Re: Are you dating a psychopath? [Video]. YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5HIjA9hh4&lc=z13bu5ghznaawh0ez23ajz0gnquidx1z004
The YouTube clip is from 2013 and the YouTube commentary is dated as "3 years ago". You may also, although sparingly, write "ca." (= circa) after the year in square brackets like this: [2016 ca.]. If you are unsure, just use (n.d.) instead.
EndNoteTraining. (n.d.). Home [YouTube Channel]. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdTDZ4RUT9Jl81oRhpEIIxA
Use n.d. (= no date) since YouTube channels are undated.
Host A., (Host). (Year-Year). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Publisher. http://xxxx
Host, A., (Host). (Year, date). Title of episode (Number of episode) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of the podcast. Publisher. https://xxxx
Vendatam, S. (Host). (2015-present). Hidden brain [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hiddenbrain
Glass, I., (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In This American life. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusementpark
Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, B. (Director) (year). Title of the movie [Motion picture]. Studio.
Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. Universal Studios.
The director is the main entry (the "author"). If such information is lacking, you can enter a role, such as a producer etc. You enter "Movie" in the brackets and additional information, for example, if the movie is a special edition. Use appropriate terms separated with a semi-colon after the word "Movie" (see example). If there are several film companies associated with a movie, it is possible to enter them on the publisher position, separated by a semi-colon.
Title of the news report [Video]. (year, month and day). Platform. https://xxxx
A historical look back at DC scandals [Video]. (2013, February 15). Platform. http://www.wjla.com/video/2013/02/a-historical-look-back-at-dc-scandals.html
In the 7th edition of the APA manual, there are no examples of this type of reference. But the examples in this section follow partially the format of YouTube clips (and other streaming media), partially of the general instructions APA manual, 7th ed: Missing reference information.
Writer, A. (Writer), & Director, B. (Director). (Year-year). Name of television series [TV series]. Broadcasting company name.
When a series continues for several years, enter the start- and finishing year when you have that information (example): (2015-2019). When a series is only for one year, enter that year (example): (2017). When a series continues for several years and still is broadcasted, enter the start year, and "present" (example): (2015-present).
Writer, A. (Writer), & Director, B. (Director). (Year, date). Title of episode (Season, Episode) [TV series episode]. In A. Producer (Executive producer), Name of television series. Broadcasting company name.
Simon, D., Colesberry, R.F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008). The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions, HBO.
Barris, K. (Writer & Director). (2017, January 11). Lemons (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In K. Barris, J. Groff, A. Anderson, E.B. Dobbins, L. Fishburne, & H. Sugland (Executive Producers), Black-ish. Wilmore Films; Artist First; Cinema Gypsy Productions; ABC Studios.
Writer, A. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by A. A. Artist if other than the writer(s)]. On Title of the album. Label. (Year of recording if other than the copyright year).
Jagger, M., & Richards, K. (1969). Gimme shelter [Recorded by P. Smith]. On Twelve. Columbia. (2007)
In the in-text citation the track number is stated, or the side number and track number if it is an LP:
If you have bonus tracks or if it is a remix, and it is important for your text, you can add that after the word Album
Artist. (Copyright year). Title of recording [Album]. Label. (Original work published year, if other than recoding year)
Pink Floyd. (1987). The wall [Album]. Sony/Columbia. (Original work published 1979)
In this example, it is a CD edition of a record recorded earlier in another format, therefore, the original year is stated (1979) as well.