Author
Last name of the author, the initial of the first name. If the book has several authors, write them in the same order as in the book.
Year
The year the book was published.
Title
Italicized. For a two-part title, capitalize the first word of the second part of the title: Title: Title
Publisher
The name of the publisher.
Author, A. (year). Title. Publisher.
Kotler, P. (2016). Democracy in decline: Rebuilding its future. Sage Publications.
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title. Publisher.
Blackstock, J., & Low, S. (2019). Geoengineering our climate? Ethics, politics and governance. Routledge.
When the authors are written in the running text you write 'and' instead of the ampersand (&):
Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (year). Title. Publisher.
Fast, K., Jansson, A., Lindell, J., Bengtsson, L. R., & Tesfahuney, M. (2018). Geomedia studies: Spaces and mobilities in mediatized worlds. Routledge.
If a book has three or more authors, you only include the first author's name and "et al.".
How you refer to a source in running text depends on how many authors the source has. Under In-text citation, Basic Styles, you will find instructions on how to refer to your sources.
For books and reports with organizational authors in digital form, see the sections E-book and e-book chapter and Report with the organizational author.
Organization. (year). Title. Publisher.
World Health Organization. (2015). Mental health atlas 2014.
When the organizational author and publisher are the same, you leave out the publisher's information to avoid repetition.
If an organization has an established acronym (abbreviation), you write the full name the first time you cite the source, include the acronym within parentheses, and use only the acronym the subsequent times you cite the same source. Note that if you write the full name within parenthesis, you write the acronym within square brackets, but if you write the full name in the running text you state the acronym within ordinary parentheses.
How you refer to a source in running text depends on how many authors the source has. Under In-text citation, Basic Styles, you will find instructions on how to refer to your sources.
This type of reference is only used when you want to cite an anthology or collected volume with one or more editors, not to any specific chapter or contributions in the book. In the latter case, see the section Book chapter instead.
Note: The publisher's location is no longer included in the reference.
Editor, A. (Ed.). (year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Use "Ed." for books with one editor and "Eds." for books with two or more editors.
Ekström, M., Kroon, Å., & Nylund, M. (Eds.). (2006). News from the interview society. Nordicom.
It is important to state which edition of the book you are citing if it is something else than the first edition. What you are referring to might not be included in a different edition than the one that you are citing, and it is that specific edition of the book that you want to direct the reader to.
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title (Xth. ed.). Publisher.
Commentary: Use the abbreviation "ed." for edition. The edition number is stated, followed by the ordinal number abbreviation: use "th" for all numbers except those that end with 2 as second, and 3 as third, examples: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th ... 21st, 22nd, 23rd, etc.
Carr, I., & Kidner, R. (2003). Statutes and conventions on international trade law (4th ed.). Cavendish.
In general, you don't need to include the translator of a publication. However, when it comes to works where the translator is of importance concerning the interpretation of the work, this can be included, for example in philosophical works and fiction. You can also include the year the work was originally published, especially if there is a big difference between the original work and the translation.
Author, A. (year). Title (Translator initials. Translator last name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). (Original work published 1814)
If you have the originally published year included in the references, write both the published year and the originally published year in the in-text citation in the following way:
Author, A. (with Author, A.). (year). Title. Publisher.
Nyden, P., Hossfeld, L., & Nyden, G. (with Burawoy, M.). (2012). Public sociology: Research, Action, and Change. Pine Forge.
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title. Publisher. http://xxxx
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx
Organization. (year). Title. Publisher - if other than the organization. http://xxxx
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of the whole book (pp. xxx-xxx). https://doi.org/xx.xxxx
Azam, M. (2016). Intellectual property and public health in the developing world. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0093
World Health Organization. (2016). Women’s health and well-being in Europe: beyond the mortality advantage. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289051910
Zenou, M., & Grainger, L. (2018). Additive manufacturing of ceramic components. In J. Zhang & Y.-G. Jung (Eds.), Additive manufacturing: Materials, processes, quantifications and applications (p. 53-103). https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-01595-4
References to e-books and e-book chapters are created in the same way as those to ordinary printed books and book chapters, but you also add a link or a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), if such exists. If the e-book is a dissertation or a report, see sections Dissertations & Student theses and Reports.
