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APA – Citing Sources

Quotations from research participants and personal communications

Quotations from research participants

When you have conducted interviews for a thesis, you often want to include certain quotes in your results. These quotes do not need any citation or reference, as they are part of your own research.

Personal communications

Personal communications is a collective term for material that cannot be found through formal channels: letters, e-mails, interviews, telephone calls, lectures, lecture notes, etc. Therefore, these should not be listed in the reference list, only in the running text.