Data extraction is the process of transcribing information from the primary studies under review using a standard form or template designed to capture all of the detail relevant to a synthesis or meta-analysis. To ensure accuracy, double data extraction is recommended. This is when two reviewers independently extract the data and then discuss any discrepancies that might occur. 

Adapted from: Buscemi, N., Hartling, L., Vandermeer, B., Tjosvold, L., & Klassen, T. P. (2006). Single data extraction generated more errors than double data extraction in systematic reviews. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 59(7), 697-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.11.010

The university library provides access to several books on meta-analysis and meta-synthesis including:

• Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo (2nd ed.). SAGE.
• Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2011). Quantitative data analysis with IBM SPSS 17, 18 and 19 : a guide for social scientists. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203180990
• Card, N. A. (2016). Applied meta-analysis for social science research (Paperback edition). The Guilford Press.
• Cleff, T. (2019). Applied Statistics and Multivariate Data Analysis for Business and Economics: A Modern Approach Using SPSS, Stata, and Excel. Springer International Publishing AG.
• Cooper, H. M. (2017). Research synthesis and meta-analysis: a step-by-step approach (5. ed.).
• Edhlund, B. M., & McDougall, A. G. (2019). NVivo 12 essentials: your guide to the world’s most powerful data analysis software. Form & Kunskap.
• Greasley, P. (2007). Quantitative Data Analysis Using SPSS An Introduction for Health and Social Studies. McGraw-Hill Education.
  Hunter, J. E. (John E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2015). Methods of meta-analysis: correcting error and bias in research findings (Third edition.). SAGE. 
• Paterson, B. L. (2001). Meta-study of qualitative health research a practical guide to meta-analysis and meta-synthesis . SAGE.

• Contact the IT department for access to programs such as SPSS for statistical analysis or NVivo for qualitative analysis